Quick Takeaways:
The English language has a rich history of borrowing words from other languages, especially from Latin. Latin abbreviations such as ‘a.m.’, ‘p.m.’ and ‘CV’ have become part of our everyday vocabulary. Such abbreviations are also frequently used in academic writing, from the ‘Ph.D.’ in the affiliation section to the ‘i.e.’, ‘e.g.’, ‘et al.’, and ‘QED’ in the rest of the paper.
This guide explains when and how to correctly use ‘et al.’ in a research paper.
In our last blog, we looked at how to use IMRAD to write your journal paper abstract. We will now focus on how to compile an effective introduction.
First of all, you need to understand the aim and purpose of the introduction in journal paper writing.
A good Introduction should identify your research topic, provide essential context, and indicate the particular motivation for, and focus of, your study. It also needs to engage your readers’ interest and tell them what to expect from your journal paper.
In a nutshell, you should ask yourself the questions below before you start writing:
How that you have a solid idea about what you should cover, you need to consider the 3 fundamental principles of organising your introduction.
It can be useful to think of the structure as a funnel: the broadest part at the top represents the most general information, gradually focusing down to the specific problem you studied, and the purpose and rationale of the study.
Refer to the diagram below for the specific information to be included in different parts of the introduction funnel.
Funnel outlining structure of a typical journal article introduction
The key point here is to make sure your readers can follow your logic and reasoning easily i.e. why you chose this particular research topic and design.
You can take the following steps as a reference for organizing the information flow of your journal introduction.
Step 1: Clearly identify the subject area by using key words from your journal title in the first few sentences to grab your readers’ attention.
However remember not to repeat any part of your journal abstract.
Step 2: Establish the context by providing a brief and balanced review of the relevant published literature.
Again, remember not to just describe previous studies, instead you need to provide a critique that defines the need for your research study.
Step 3: Describe your study by stating its purpose and one or more formal hypotheses, if necessary, and then provide a rationale for your research approach.
You also need to highlight the potential outcomes and contributions of your study, and provide a brief outline of the rest of the journal article.
It’s important to keep in mind where you plan to publish your journal paper, as this clearly defines your audience.
For example, if your paper is to be published in a general interest journal, you should keep the focus broad. If it is aimed at a highly specialist journal, you probably don’t need to define familiar terms and concepts that your audience will already know.
The best practical advice is:
Check the journal submission guidelines for appropriate manuscript types and topics.
It is not always easy to ensure all required information is organised and structured well in your journal paper introduction. Obviously, you can’t include everything in your Introduction. Which kind of leads us to our next question:
As a rough guide, an introduction should be around 20% of the word count of the entire journal paper. However, the length will also depend on your specific field and the word limit of the journal to which you are planning to submit.
So, always check the journal guidelines and also the length of the Introduction sections in similar journal papers for reference.
Without the context and direction of an Introduction, your audience will be lost and confused – so be sure to give them the roadmap that they need.
Wondering why some abbreviations such as ‘et al.’ and ‘e.g.’ use periods, whereas others such as CV and AD don’t? Periods are typically used if the abbreviations include lowercase or mixed-case letters. They’re usually not used with abbreviations containing only uppercase letters.
Our latest online workshop built on the success of face-to-face workshops we developed specifically for local universities. Over 30 faculty members joined the session, presented by our Chief Operating Officer, Mr Nick Case, to learn from our case studies on editing research proposals.
The response to our workshop, which included a constructive and insightful Q&A session, was very positive.Drawing on our extensive experience working with hundreds of Hong Kong researchers targeting the GRF and ECS every year, we used examples of poor and subsequently improved proposals to show the attendees how they can make their applications stand out. The response to our workshop, which included a constructive and insightful Q&A session, was very positive.Drawing on our extensive experience working with hundreds of Hong Kong researchers targeting the GRF and ECS every year, we used examples of poor and subsequently improved proposals to show the attendees how they can make their applications stand out. The response to our workshop, which included a constructive and insightful Q&A session, was very positive.Drawing on our extensive experience working with hundreds of Hong Kong researchers targeting the GRF and ECS every year, we used examples of poor and subsequently improved proposals to show the attendees how they can make their applications stand out.
Wondering why some abbreviations such as ‘et al.’ and ‘e.g.’ use periods, whereas others such as CV and AD don’t? Periods are typically used if the abbreviations include lowercase or mixed-case letters. They’re usually not used with abbreviations containing only uppercase letters.
Rachel first joined us as a freelance editor in 2001, while completing her PhD. After spending a few years as a post-doctoral researcher and then lecturing in psychology, she returned to us in 2010 and focused her career on academic editing. She took on the role of Assistant Chief Editor in 2018, and became co-Chief-Editor in 2020. Unable to leave academia behind completely, she also teaches Psychology at an English-speaking university in Italy, where she is now based. With extensive experience in both academia and publishing, Rachel has an excellent overview of both the client and editor sides of the business.
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