如何组织段落大纲

段落是论文的最基本组成部分，一篇论文可以说是由不同长短的段落组成的。

究竟何谓段落?

段落是一个包涵一连串与某一主旨相关的句子的写作单位，有助於组织论文架构。其实，段落结构就是整篇论文结构的浓缩版本，亦包括引言 (introduction)、内文 (body) 以及总结 (conclusion)。

你可以把段落结构想像成汉堡。

A. 主题句 (Topic sentence)

每一段的第一句主要是介绍该段落的主旨或概念，它可以告知读者该段落想要表达的是什麽。而且在大部分情况下，段落的首句都与前一段相呼应，从而起到承接上文的作用。

看一看以下的示範段落:

Unfortunately, significant problems and limitations exist in the current treatment of children with ADHD. Treatment with stimulants produces side effects, such as sleep problems and loss of appetite, and thus is not ideal or recommended for very young children (Corcoran, 2011; Faraone, Biederman, Morley, & Spencer, 2008). Although pharmacotherapy and behavioural management generally improve parent and teacher reports of children’s social skills, once treatments stop, so too do children’s improvements (MTA Cooperative Group, 2004). Moreover, when parents are stressed or dealing with their own mental health issues, they may not be able to properly implement the skills learned in behaviour training, resulting in more frustration and negative reinforcement of the parent–child conflict (Bögels, Hellemans, van Deursen, Römer, & van der Meulen, 2014). Therefore, it is imperative to investigate other psychosocial interventions that can improve the well-being of the entire family system.

上面段中红色的句子是主题句，并与前一段落中的资料有关联，主要引述专注力失调及过度活跃症的治疗方法，同时它亦介绍了这一段要讨论的主旨–那些治疗方法的局限。

撰写主题句的诀窍:

• 当你需要引述前一段中的资料时，你要清楚肯定要引述的内容是什麽。
• 避免使用如 ‘it’ 或 ‘they’ 等的代名词，以及避免使用 ‘former’ 或 ‘latter’ 以免引起误会。

B. 后续句子 (Subsequent sentences)

后续句子相当於汉堡的馅料，其主要用处是继续铺陈主旨，以及提供额外资料去阐述、解释、辩护和分析论点。

回到之前的同一个示範段落，

Unfortunately, significant problems and limitations exist in the current treatment of children with ADHD. Treatment with stimulants produces side effects, such as sleep problems and loss of appetite, and thus is not ideal or recommended for very young children (Corcoran, 2011; Faraone, Biederman, Morley, & Spencer, 2008). Although pharmacotherapy and behavioural management generally improve parent and teacher reports of children’s social skills, once treatments stop, so too do children’s improvements (MTA Cooperative Group, 2004). Moreover, when parents are stressed or dealing with their own mental health issues, they may not be able to properly implement the skills learned in behaviour training, resulting in more frustration and negative reinforcement of the parent–child conflict (Bögels, Hellemans, van Deursen, Römer, & van der Meulen, 2014). Therefore, it is imperative to investigate other psychosocial interventions that can improve the well-being of the entire family system.

这次红色的句子是后续句子，它们为主题句提出的段落主旨提供来自文献的支持證据。每一句后续句子都简单概括了为什麽在前一段提到的治疗方法不适当，从而建立起一个强而有力的论点。

关於制作你的「汉堡馅料」的小提示:

• 要遵从单一的主题。以上面的示範段落作例，如果作者在同一段中同时讨论那些治疗方法的优点和缺点，这样读者会很容易感到混乱的。

C. 结束句 (Final sentence)

结束句相当於汉堡底部的麵包，总结段落中的资料，有时间更会为后面的段落提供连接点。

再回到同一个示範段落:

Unfortunately, significant problems and limitations exist in the current treatment of children with ADHD. Treatment with stimulants produces side effects, such as sleep problems and loss of appetite, and thus is not ideal or recommended for very young children (Corcoran, 2011; Faraone, Biederman, Morley, & Spencer, 2008). Although pharmacotherapy and behavioural management generally improve parent and teacher reports of children’s social skills, once treatments stop, so too do children’s improvements (MTA Cooperative Group, 2004). Moreover, when parents are stressed or dealing with their own mental health issues, they may not be able to properly implement the skills learned in behaviour training, resulting in more frustration and negative reinforcement of the parent–child conflict (Bögels, Hellemans, van Deursen, Römer, & van der Meulen, 2014). Therefore, it is imperative to investigate other psychosocial interventions that can improve the well-being of the entire family system.

这一次，段尾的句子为在后面的段落将会提及关於是次研究的简介进行铺陈。

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最后，在此分享几个有关写作段落要注意的地方和小提示:

1. 要多组合使用不同长短的句子。
2. 尽量避免用过长的句子，一般不超过35字。
3. 在同一句句子中，尽量只围绕一个或最多两个主题。

希望你现在能够多少掌握一些关於如何组织段落大纲的具体资讯。